Symptoms And Treatment Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Imagine a syndrome that can cause you, or a woman you know, to be infertile, depressed, anxious, obese, or hirsute, along with many others. Polycystic ovary syndrome can cause all of these issues in a woman who is affected by the condition. If it is not treated properly or on time, it could lead to other serious medical issues that could even be life threatening. Polycystic ovary syndrome, otherwise known as PCOS, is not a commonly known syndrome and many women affected by it are not diagnosed or treated for it. PCOS is a major medical problem that is affecting five to ten percent of the female population in the U.S. and many more across the globe (American Diabetes Association, 2014). This syndrome must become better known in the near future so that women with PCOS can take better control and care of their own body. DEFINITION: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is a common endocrine disorder that can affect many women. It is also â€Å"an incurable disorder that affects 1 in 10 women and over 50% do not know they have it† (PCOS Awareness Association, 2014). An ultrasound exam can reveal that women with PCOS have a collection of follicles on enlarged ovaries. The particular cause of polycystic ovary syndrome is unknown. It could be connected to long-term complications; therefore, doctors recommend weight loss to reduce this risk. Also, early diagnosis and treatment can have an impact on deciphering if a woman will have long-term complications. Such complications include type 2Show MoreRelatedA Brief Article On Ovary Syndrome ( Pcos )1654 Words   |  7 PagesPolycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) By Navodita Maurice | Submitted On September 01, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon 1 Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Navodita Maurice The endocrine disorders among females are of variousRead MorePolycystic Ovary Syndrome Essay1031 Words   |  5 Pagesevery day. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is the most common endocrine disease that affects women of reproductive age, which is typically puberty to menopause. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome does not only affect a woman’s ovaries and chances of conceiving, but it affects the whole endocrine system in the body. It can cause Excess Androgen Production, Insulin Resistant, Obesity, Hirsute and Cardiovascular problems. There is no cure for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, there are medications and a treatment that willRead MorePolycystic Ovarian Syndrome : Etiology- Environmental And Genetic Factors782 Words   |  4 PagesPolycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Etiology- Environmental and Genetic Factors Literature in NFS Seminar 4601 Fall 2015 Ashley Anger Date of Submission: 11/25/15 Introduction: The condition Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is the most common of endocrine disruptions within women of reproductive ages. The disorder does affect as much as 10% of women within this reproductive lifecycle. The clinical and biochemical features of the condition are diverse and are as follows: fertility disruptionRead MorePolycystic Ovary Syndrome2477 Words   |  10 PagesPolycystic ovary syndrome is an endocrine disorder that affects at least 10% of women living in the United States. Insulin Resistance plays a large part in fertility for women who have polycystic ovary syndrome. Myo-Inositol improves fertility, and alleviates many of the symptoms associated with polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance. Case findings of women with polycystic ovary syndrome were first documented in 1935 by American gynecologists Irving F. Stein, Sr., and Michael L. LeventhalRead MoreInfertility, Insulin Resistance, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Myo-Inositol1814 Words   |  8 PagesPolycystic ovary syndrome is an endocrine disorder that affects at least 10% of women living in the United States. Insulin Resistance plays a large part in fertility for women who have polycystic ovary syndrome. Myo-Inositol improves fertility, and alleviates many of the symptoms associated with polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a condition that affects many different parts of the body, not just the ovaries. The list of ailments associated with polycysticRead MorePolycystic Ovary Syndrome1224 Words   |  5 PagesChivalier 2 POLYCYSTIC OVARIES SYNDROME By: Christina Chivalier Polycystic Ovaries Syndrome (PCOS) is an ovulation disorder and infertility that occurs in many women. Polycystic ovaries syndrome dates back to 1845 where it was described in a French manuscript as being changes in the ovaries. It was called sclerocystic. Polycystic ovaries syndrome is a problem that occurs in with the ovaries. A polycystic ovary is characterized as being a tough, thickened, shiny white covering overlyingRead MoreInfertility : A Common Endocrine System Disorder Among Women Of Reproductive Age1568 Words   |  7 PagesInfertility due to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Infertility affects close to 6.1 Million US women during the reproductive age (7). What is infertility? Infertility is generally defined as â€Å"the inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected sex. After the age of 35 pregnancy becomes more difficult and if infertility persist a shorter timeframe of six months is recommended (2). Infertility is not an illness it is a disease. This disease may not always be painful physically but the pain isRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of Mild Hypertension Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesSignalment: †¢ 32 years’ old †¢ Female †¢ African-American descent Signs: †¢ Mild hypertension †¢ Acne appeared after treatment with oral contraceptives †¢ BMI of 29 †¢ Blood pressure is 138/88 †¢ Skin shows slight thickening and darkening across the neck Symptoms: †¢ Irregular and infrequent periods since middle adolescence †¢ Periods are more frequent (28-30 days) and menstrual flow varies between periods after her first child †¢ Periods are not excessively painful †¢ Reports frequent urination and alwaysRead MoreQuestions On Breast Ovarian Syndrome1240 Words   |  5 PagesArmani PCOS thesis paper Eng 110- 11am Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome I myself have struggled with issues for years before I was diagnosed correctly. PCOS can affect many different things in women going from producing male hormones to the inability to conceive. I found that research is becoming more descriptive and in depth as time goes on. Researchers are still looking into PCOS and are still working on what may be the real cause of PCOS. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is a heath disorder that affects femalesRead MorePCOS Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pagesrecent years that effects women’s health is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). For more women to become knowledgeable about this disease health professionals need to educate women about what PCOS is, we need to recognize what ecological factors play a role in PCOS, and what can be done to help women manage their PCOS disease. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Approximately, eight to twenty percent of women worldwide suffer from Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome worldwide (National Institute of child health

Report Writing on a Paintball Game Free Essays

Yesterday at 3:30 pm was Jonny’s last strike as he had shot his mother. This action had only seemed as an accident, but as we confronted him it would only seem as an unlikely act that had taken place because of the objective of the game, or is it? Tune into the rest of this article to find out the real objective behind this setup. The legendary twenty-first century game of paintball co-exists as a way of enlightening the players of the dangers of being at war. We will write a custom essay sample on Report Writing on a Paintball Game or any similar topic only for you Order Now The fun loving sport is a thrilling experience one should have if he is able to. The sport requires excellence in agility and the ability to make decisions on a quick note, as well as teamwork risking the life of others. Paintball technology is also used by military forces, law enforcement, Para-military and security organizations to supplement military training, riot response, and non-lethal suppression of dangerous suspects. Jonny Kapalo, the amateur paintball player, from West Kentucky had his eyes set on the joy of shooting in the mexcian home grounds of paintball, as one of the best ten places for paintballing. The game started at the crack of dawn when the teams split up. There were the Rottweilers and the meerkats. The players were to play in the paint-stained quagmire. The first game was ‘capture the flag’ and the meerkats (also known as Jonny’s team) had a good run since the game was theirs for the taking. The win was won by for his heroic dash for the flag which was quite a cheeky move, as his teammates distracted the adversary by covering for him. The second game was search and destroy, which consisted of four targets. The seekers of the game had a terminator of a man code name the ‘Predator’. The imprudent Jonny took the game as a joke and a couple of his teammates took into account of his plan of shooting the Predator. The error of this childish prank is that the Predator takes no hostiles even if it is caused by mutiny among his own teammates. At the count of three, with the predator in front of the scouting group, Jonny and his friends made their move, consequently, the more experienced player got the best of them and Jonny’s team was disqualified on the account of the uprising to the Predator. The third and final game was the team death match. This game has obvious objectives which are that you get terminated if you run out of paintballs or if you get shot. Each player was low on ammo and the last thing they wanted was to end the game. So each player had to examine their surroundings to look for places that could not be seen by the enemy. Jonny had thought of hiding behind a bush, to stalk his next victim. The unsuspecting detail of his hideout was unseen by the enemy. The next victim was to be his very own mother which was to be the most unlikely person to walk by. The poor woman was shot head to toe with suppressing shots. When she declared herself to be out of the game, Jonny crept back into hiding to wait for his next victim. But shortly afterwards the game was over and the Rottweilers won 2-1. We asked a few comments from Jonny and here is what he said, â€Å"The game was a game and I did not know that my mother would come out of cover and I would shoot her which was actually pretty awkward considering how well she could use a gun. Jonny’s mother had also shared her comments with us on how the game appealed to her. â€Å"The game was quite exciting, as an ex-marine I was born to be on the front line. The experience was a good one and it was great to see Jonny walking up my footsteps. † To me as a viewer the game was exhilarating and thrilling to watch, and informs me on the aspects of war and arts. This can stimulate a great exp erience which cannot be missed if one is able to afford. In my opinion Jonny’s mother forfeited the win to her son by exposing her cover. How to cite Report Writing on a Paintball Game, Essay examples

Inquiry Based Learning free essay sample

Inquiry-based instruction is a student-centered and teacher-guided instructional approach that engages students in investigating real world questions that they choose within a broad thematic framework. * Inquiry-Based instruction complements traditional instruction by providing a vehicle for extending and applying the learning of students in a way that connects with their interests within a broader thematic framework. Students acquire and analyze information, develop and support propositions, provide solutions, and design technology and arts products that demonstrate their thinking and make their learning visible. Inquiry-based instructional approaches place students at the helm of the learning process and teachers in the role of learning facilitator, coach, and modeler. The Benefits of Inquiry-Based Instruction * teaches problem-solving, critical thinking skills, and disciplinary content * promotes the transfer of concepts to new problem questions * teaches students how to learn and builds self-directed learning skills. The main components of inquiry-based learning include: * a question(s) related to the topic of inquiry to be explored (problem statement), * followed by an investigation and gathering of information related to the question (data collection), * continuing with a discussion of findings (analysis), * Commencing with a reflection on what was learned (implications/conclusion). We will write a custom essay sample on Inquiry Based Learning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The 7 steps of inquiry based learning 1-Tuning in * Identifying and defining the issue. This involves activities design to: Provide students with opportunities to become engaged with the topic * ascertain the students initial curiosity about the topic * allow students to share their personal experience of the topic Questions to ask -what is the issue? -what do they want to find out? -what feeling or opinions do they already have? 2- Preparing to find out; -formulation of hypothesis This involves activities design to: * Find out what the students already know about the topic * To provide the students with a focus for the forthcoming experience * To help in the planning of further experience and activities. Questions to ask what would happen if? -what do we already know? -what questions do we need to ask? Why is this happening? 3- Finding out The collection of the data is not an end itself but a means towards developing an understanding This involves activities design to: Further stimulate the students’ curiosity provide new information which may answer some of the students’ earlier questions * raise other questions for the students to explore in the future. Show the drama ‘tharaaganduge Kashigandu’ (an edited version, this drama is based in the past, and shows people engaged in economic activities of that time), after showing the drama, write the following questions on the board, then get them to make groups of 4’s and discuss, brainstorm and answer the questions, then get them to present their answers. Question What time period was the video based on? Give a reason for your answer? What were the activities that the people were engaged in? Do you still see people engaged in these types of activities, if so how often? Preparing to find out; Preparing a questionnaire Discuss about the drama; the economic activities that the people were engaged in, the things they produced, and how important these activities were to the community at that time. Form groups of 4 and get them to choose one early economic activity, brainstorm and write about what they already know about the activity and what they want to find out about the activity. Then get them to prepare a questionnaire. (The questionnaire should be structure in a way that it will gain information about the selected economic activity and its importance during that time). After making the questionnaires present it to the class. After the presentation, based on the comments they get, the groups can improve their questionnaires. Finding out Interviewing a resource person Ask the children to be in their groups and concentrate and gain information about the economic activity that they had chosen so they can become specialized in that particular activity, then bring a resource person and get him to give information about the early economic activities, how important it was to the community during the early times, and why most of these activities are declining. During the lecture get the children to fill in their questionnaires and clear their doubts Sorting out Making a comic strip or writing a report After the interview get the children to discuss about the information they have gained in their groups about the early economic activity they had chosen and then prepare a comic strip or write a report about the particular economic activity they specialized in and present it to class. Others will listen to the presentation from each group and learn more about each economic activity Going further Debate Tell the students that a lot of tourist shops are selling imported lacquer work and shells while the Maldivians who do lacquer work and shells are finding it difficult to make an income from their work. Divide the class into two teams; one team will be against importing lacquer work and shells as this team is made up of local craftsmen while the other team is for importing these items as they are owners of the tourist shops and they generate a huge profit by importing these goods as the imported ones are cheaper. Tell them that the teacher is from the ministry of trade and she will decide whether to restrict imports of these goods after listening to the debate. divide the class into 2 groups and give the debate question at least 2 days before conducting the debate so that the children can get ready for the debate) Making connections Drama Divide the class into 5 groups, get the children to discuss and present a drama or a puppet show based on the information they have gained about the early economic activities. through the drama or puppet show they have to show the various economic activities people were engaged in during early times, how important these activities were to the community and why some of these activities started to decline Taking action Making clay models and posters (own time) Divide the class into 5 groups and ask them to make clay models or posters Clay models: make clay models of people engaged in early economic activities and mount it on plywood, thus creating a scene about life in the past Posters; make posters showing the various early economic activities and their importance to the community Give a deadline for work completion, when the work is completed, display their work in the school so that other children in the school can gain information from the produced work.

Marriage

Marriage Free Online Research Papers In writing a research paper I wanted to address the most important aspect of my life, my family. I thought about writing on children and the changes they undertake as they grow from infancy to young adulthood, but then I realized if I had not married their mother I would not know anything about how they grow or change. Today, the view of marriage is a negative one. This attitude is revealed by a young woman who said, â€Å"When I got married I was looking for an ideal, but I married an ordeal and now I want a new deal!† (Sam Kathy). But the problem is not the institution of marriage. The problem lies with the individuals within that structure and their attitudes towards marriage in general. In thinking about writing a research paper on a specific aspect of marriage I could not find just one I wanted to address. I began to research different marriage materials and quickly found myself among the many different stages of marriage, even before the I do. I begin by summari zing, first, how a single person should view marriage, then the characteristics one should possess when choosing a person to marry, leading to the questions that should be asked even before the engagement, to finally the union of man and wife and their roles once married. A single person often thinks of marriage with an expectation that revolves around a white picket fence. Unfortunately this is just not factual, and too many times this is the cause of divorce when their ideal is not met. In Genesis 2:22 God became the first matchmaker â€Å"The Lord God fashioned into a woman the rib which He had taken from the man, and brought her to the man.† Every single male that desires to be a husband should not decide what kind of marriage he wants but rather what kind of wife he wants. All too often men look for a woman that will meet the marriage requirements he has adopted over time and takes for granted that he will be in love with the woman first. This fact is true for men and women alike who are looking to marry. The single female looks for safety and security and hopes that marriage will provide both at once. The problem with this is that security cannot be achieved through marriage but by love. The only way a relationship is truly safe is for the couple to love each other to the point that worldly processions and status fall second to a faithfulness that can pass the test of time. Once this love is established then one must consider if the person they love possesses the traits needed for a lasting marriage. Two people who have come to realize what is needed to consider leaving the single life behind and entering into marriage can then move on to personal compatibility. Once they are in love and decide marriage is the next step one should begin looking for key attributes in the relationship. Communication is vital to understanding each other on a level where one can find out what each other’s expectations for marriage are. If they are the same then the two of them can move on to family and backgrounds which should be considered before deciding to even become engaged. Talk to your partner about how the relationship began and let the other person know your desire for the direction you want it to head in next. â€Å"Pre-marriage counseling will help prepare for a successful marriage.† (Robert Brennan) Once an engagement has been announced some people feel obligated to follow through even if they have changed their minds during the course of therapy. Counseling addresses preserving the beauty of the love relationship so that it can be carried into marriage. In creating a safe environment that allows both parties to express feelings and concerns without judgment the couple can learn more about each other than they have acquired in your relationship so far. When the couple knows each other and how they stand on subjects such as: family, finances, sexuality, and marriage expectations, then they can make an informed decision concerning their future together. There are five questions created by Dr. David Powilson that are a guide to consider before engagement. 1. Are you both of the same religious background or beliefs? 2. Do you have a track record of being able to solve problems? Where do you need to change and grow to become a wiser person? 3. Are both your lives headed in the same direction? 4. What do those who know you well think of your relationship? 5. Do you really want to marry this person? Are you willing to accept each other just as you are? The most important of these would seem to be number five because it engulfs all the rest. If one can say yes to being willing to move on in their relationship with contentment in each other just as they are, then they are ready to move forward. â€Å"This must be evaluated because to enjoy the blessings in marriage, you need skills in solving problems and building honesty and trust.† (Monica) With the engagement at hand you now only have to know the right and wrong reasons for getting married. Let’s start with the wrong reasons beginning with being free of one’s parents. If independence is what one seeks then marriage is not how to achieve it. Someone may become free of their parents but, will be committing themselves to someone else for the rest of their life. There are other reasons that are all wrong for marriage; sex, loneliness, to be happy, for financial stability, because the partner loves you, and because of pregnancy. The one thing a parent never wants their child to feel is responsible for a broken or unhappy marriage that was entered into based on pregnancy. Entering into marriage for any of these reasons will only be a temporary fix and end badly for both parties. If these are all the reasons not to get married the couple probably would like the positive side as well. The correct reasons for getting married begin with being in love with one another. This is the first and most important reason anyone should ever enter into marriage. Other reasons are; a desire to share your life with another, to have a lifetime companion, realistic expectations of the other, and a willingness to fulfill one another’s needs and desires. If the reasons for entering into marriage are the right ones the time for the proposal is perfect and the date should be set. Once the union of man and wife is formed you have become one flesh as it states in Matthew 19:5 â€Å"For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife and the two shall become one flesh.† Now you can focus on your role in the marriage and your responsibilities to your spouse. For a husband the command is given to love your wife as Christ loved the church. â€Å"What a standard this is because He came from heaven to seek her, to be His holy bride; with His blood He bought her, and for her life He died.† (Monica) If a man is to love in this manner then the woman should be submissive to his love and both should be selfless in all areas of their life together. This is not to say that you cannot have a hobby or something set aside for yourself as long as it meets the approval of your spouse. When you have married, you have pledged yourself to someone else’s happiness. A challenge many loving married couples encounter is that of expressing their desire for one another in a manner that promotes passion. Husband and wife should learn how to complete each other through emotional and physical intimacy. Intimacy does not simply relate to sex in a marriage. There are many aspects of intimacy; mind, body, and soul. Each of these areas should be open and honest in your communication with one another especially in the first years of marriage because this closeness will be the foundation for years to come. Matthew 7:24-27 Therefore everyone who hears these words of mine and acts on them may be compared to a wise man who built his house on the rock. 25. And the rain fell and the floods came and the winds blew and slammed against that house; and yet it did not fall, for it had been founded on the rock. 26. Everyone who hears these words of mine and does not act on them will be like unto a foolish man who built his house on the sand. 27. The rain fell, and the floods came, and the winds blew and slammed against that house; and it fell – and great was its fall. If you build your marriage on a firm foundation it can weather anything life throws at it. Knowing what to look for while you are still single will be the corner stone for any marriage. Brennan, Robert. â€Å"Marriage and Pre- Marriage Counseling.† Online posting. 7 April 2008. Apokata. Psychological services. www.apokata.addr.com Buttoughs, Pat. â€Å"The good wife’s guide.† Online posting. 10 February 2008. Housekeeping Monthly. www.associatedcontent.com Kathy, Sam. â€Å"How to be a Godly wife.† Morningside Ministries. Pflugerville, Texas. 12 August 2001 Monica. â€Å"Marriage.† Online posting. 26 March 2005. www.keepandshare.com Stritof, Sheri Bob. Weblog post. Lower you odds for divorce before you marry. About.com. 7 April 2007 www.marriage.about.com â€Å"Let’s Talk About Sex.† 8 April 2008 www.thepurebed.com â€Å"The Good Husband’s Guide.†13 May 2006 www.families.com â€Å"The Holy Bible.† 1960. The American Standard Bible Research Papers on MarriageInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoResearch Process Part OneHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseGenetic Engineering

Tiwanaku Empire - City, Imperial State at Lake Titicaca

Tiwanaku Empire - City, Imperial State at Lake Titicaca The Tiwanaku Empire (also spelled Tiahuanaco or Tihuanacu) was one of the first imperial states in South America, dominating portions of what is now southern Peru, northern Chile, and eastern Bolivia for approximately four hundred years (AD 550-950). The capital city, also called Tiwanaku, was located on the southern shores of Lake Titicaca, on the border between Bolivia and Peru. Tiwanaku Basin Chronology The city of Tiwanaku emerged as a major ritual-political center in the southeastern Lake Titicaca Basin as early as the Late Formative/Early Intermediate period (100 BC-AD 500), and expanded greatly in extent and monumentality during the later part of the period. After 500 AD, Tiwanaku was transformed into an expansive urban center, with far-flung colonies of its own. Tiwanaku I (Qalasasaya), 250 BC-AD 300, Late FormativeTiwanaku III (Qeya), AD 300-475Tiwanaku IV (Tiwanaku Period), AD 400-800, Andean Middle HorizonTiwanaku V, AD 800-1150hiatus Inca Empire, AD 1400-1532 Tiwanaku City The capital city of Tiwanaku lies in the high river basins of the Tiwanaku and Katari rivers, at altitudes between 3,800 and 4,200 meters (12,500-13,880 feet) above sea level. Despite its location at such a high altitude, and with frequent frosts and thin soils, perhaps as many as 20,000 people lived in the city at its heyday. During the Late Formative period, the Tiwanaku Empire was in direct competition with the Huari empire, located in central Peru. Tiwanaku style artifacts and architecture have been discovered throughout the central Andes, a circumstance that has been attributed to imperial expansion, dispersed colonies, trading networks, a spread of ideas or a combination of all these forces. Crops and Farming The basin floors where Tiwanaku city was built were marshy and flooded seasonally because of snow melt from the Quelcceya ice cap. The Tiwanaku farmers used this to their advantage, constructing elevated sod platforms or raised fields on which to grow their crops, separated by canals. These raised agricultural field systems stretched the capacity of the high plains to allow for protection of crops through frost and drought periods. Large aqueducts were also constructed at satellite cities such as Lukurmata and Pajchiri. Because of the high elevation, crops grown by the Tiwanaku were limited to frost-resistant plants such as potatoes and quinoa. Llama caravans brought maize and other trade goods up from lower elevations. The Tiwanaku had large herds of domesticated alpaca and llama  and hunted wild guanaco and vicuà ±a. Stone Work Stone was of primary importance to Tiwanaku identity: although the attribution is not certain, the city may have been called Taypikala (Central Stone) by its residents. The city is characterized by elaborate, impeccably carved and shaped stonework in its buildings, which are a striking blend of yellow-red-brown locally-available in its buildings, which are a striking blend of yellow-red-brown locally-available sandstone, and greenish-bluish volcanic andesite from farther away. Recently, Janusek and colleagues have argued that the variation is tied to a political shift at Tiwanaku. The earliest buildings, constructed during the Late Formative period, were principally built of sandstone. Yellowish to reddish brown sandstones were used in architectural revetments, paved floors, terrace foundations, subterranean canals, and a host of other structural features. Most of the monumental stelae, which depict personified ancestral deities and animate natural forces, are also made of sandstone. Recent studies have identified the location of the quarries in the foothills of the Kimsachata mountains, southeast of the city. The introduction of bluish to greenish gray andesite happens at the start of the Tiwanaku period (AD 500-1100), at the same time as Tiwanaku began to expand its power regionally. Stoneworkers and masons began to incorporate the heavier volcanic rock from more distant ancient volcanoes and igneous outgroups, recently identified at mounts Ccapia and Copacabana in Peru. The new stone was denser and harder, and the stonemasons used it to build on a larger scale than before, including large pedestals and trilithic portals. In addition, the workers replaced some sandstone elements in the older buildings with new andesite elements. Monolithic Stelae Present at Tiwanaku city and other Late Formative centers are stelae, stone statues of personages. The earliest are made of reddish-brown sandstone. Each of these early ones depicts a single anthropomorphic individual, wearing distinctive facial ornaments or painting. The persons arms are folded across his or her chest, with one hand sometimes placed over the other. Beneath the eyes are lightning bolts; and the personages are wearing minimal clothing, consisting of a sash, skirt, and headgear. The early monoliths are decorated with sinuous living creatures such as felines and catfish, often rendered symmetrically and in pairs. Scholars suggest that these might represent images of a mummified ancestor. Later, about 500 AD, the stelae change in style. These later stelae are carved from andesite, and the persons depicted have impassive faces and wear elaborately woven tunics, sashes, and headgear of elites. The people in these carvings have three-dimensional shoulders, head, arms, legs, and feet. They often hold equipment associated with the use of hallucinogens: a kero vase full of fermented chicha and a snuff tablet for hallucinogenic resins. There is more variations of dress and body decoration among the later stelae, including face markings and hair tresses, which may represent individual rulers or dynastic family heads; or different landscape features and their associated deities. Scholars believe these represent living ancestral hosts rather than mummies. Trade and Exchange After about 500 AD, there is clear evidence that Tiwanaku established a pan-regional system of multi-community ceremonial centers in Peru and Chile. The centers had terraced platforms, sunken courts and a set of religious paraphernalia in what is called Yayamama style. The system was connected back to Tiwanaku by trading caravans of llamas, trading goods such as maize, coca, chili peppers, plumage from tropical birds, hallucinogens, and hardwoods. The diasporic colonies endured for hundreds of years, originally established by a few Tiwanaku individuals but also supported by in-migration. Radiogenic strontium and oxygen isotope analysis of the Middle Horizon Tiwanaku colony at Rio Muerto, Peru, found that a small number of the people buried at Rio Muerto were born elsewhere and traveled as adults. Scholars suggest they may have been interregional elites, herders, or caravan drovers. Collapse of Tiwanaku After 700 years, the Tiwanaku civilization disintegrated as a regional political force. This happened about 1100 AD, and resulted, at least one theory goes, from the effects of climate change, including a sharp decrease in rainfall. There is evidence that the groundwater level dropped and the raised field beds failed, leading to a collapse of agricultural systems in both the colonies and the heartland. Whether that was the sole or most important reason for the end of the culture is debated. Archaeological Ruins of Tiwanaku Satellites and Colonies Bolivia: Lukurmata, Khonkho Wankane, Pajchiri, Omo, Chiripa, Qeyakuntu, Quiripujo, Juchuypampa Cave, Wata Wata Chile: San Pedro de Atacama Peru: Chan Chan, Rio Muerto, Omo Sources The best source for detailed Tiwanaku information has to be Alvaro Higuerass Tiwanaku and Andean Archaeology. Baitzel SI, and Goldstein PS. 2014. More than the sum of its parts: Dress and social identity in a provincial Tiwanaku child burial. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 35:51-62.Becker SK, and Alconini S. 2015. Head Extraction, Interregional Exchange, and Political Strategies of Control at the Site of Wata Wata, Kallawaya Territory, Bolivia, during the Transition between the Late Formative and Tiwanaku Periods (A.D. 200-800). Latin American Antiquity 26(1):30-48.Hu D. 2017. War or peace? Assessing the rise of the Tiwanaku state through projectile-point analysis. Lithics: The Journal of the Lithic Studies Society 37:84-86.Janusek JW. 2016. Processions, Ritual Movements, and the Ongoing Production of Pre-Columbian Societies, with a Perspective from Tiwanaku. Processions in the Ancient Americas: Occasional Papers in Anthropology at Penn State 33(7).Janusek JW, Williams PR, Golitko M, and Aguirre CL. 2013. Building Taypikala: Telluric Transformations in the Lithic Production of Tiwana ku. In: Tripcevich N, and Vaughn KJ, editors. Mining and Quarrying in the Ancient Andes: Springer New York. p 65-97. Knudson KJ, Gardella KR, and Yaeger J. 2012. Provisioning Inka feasts at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: the geographic origins of camelids in the Pumapunku complex. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(2):479-491.Knudson KJ, Goldstein PS, Dahlstedt A, Somerville A, and Schoeninger MJ. 2014. Paleomobility in the Tiwanaku Diaspora: Biogeochemical analyses at Rio Muerto, Moquegua, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 155(3):405-421.Niemeyer HM, Salazar D, Tricallotis HH, and Peà ±a-Gà ³mez FT. 2015. New Insights into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays from San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile. Latin American Antiquity 26(1):120-136.Somerville AD, Goldstein PS, Baitzel SI, Bruwelheide KL, Dahlstedt AC, Yzurdiaga L, Raubenheimer S, Knudson KJ, and Schoeninger MJ. 2015. Diet and gender in the Tiwanaku colonies: Stable isotope analysis of human bone collagen and apatite from Moquegua, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158(3):408-422.

Genetics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Genetics - Article Example Atherogenesis and increased afterload and left ventricular hypertrophy are identified as the two ways that link hypertension and coronary heart disease. Physical activity and healthy lifestyle behaviors are some of the nonpharmacological interventions to the treatment of hypertension in patients who have coronary heart disease. The pharmacological interventions discussed are the agents of antihypertensives that include beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme. The article also proposes a combinational therapy that uses different antihypertensives and other therapies in the treatment of hypertension. It concludes that the goal of hypertension treatment should be to reduce mortality and morbidity that is caused by hypertension and coronary heart disease (Olafiranye et al 9). This article could help researchers study the different hypertension treatment alternatives and their effectiveness. It could help doctors and nurses offer better care to patients who have hypertension. In addition, the article establishes a basis for evidence based research and evidence based practice for managing hypertension, and is therefore applicable researchers in the healthcare profession. Olafiranye, Oladipupo, Zizi, Ferdinand, Brimah, Perry, Jean-louis, Girardin, Makaryus, Amgad, McFarlane, Samy & Ogedegbe, Gbenga. Management of Hypertension among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. International Journal of Hypertension, 2011: 1 – 6, 2011. Print. Retrieved September 25, 2014 from

This is not a paper just a MIDTERM question Essay - 2

This is not a paper just a MIDTERM question - Essay Example However, it is cumbersome to prepare, offers little information to management, and usually creates parallel accounting systems. It also does not indicate levels of efficiency or address value. Generally, budgeted expenditures are based on a standard cost of inputs multiplied by the number of units of an activity to be provided in that period. It refers to the process of linking costs to activities, then identifying specific outputs to be produced by services or activities. Then setting targets or goals and afterwards preparing budget based on these performance goals set. The new approach to performance budgeting seeks to concentrate on the outcomes rather than the output. This approach has the advantage of offering a means of estimating future expenditures and measurement of activities efficiency. On the other hand, its drawback is that there is a need to distinguish between the fixed and variable costs. Furthermore, it has no benefit in public accounting, as efficiency is not the only measure required. Program budgeting refers to a variety of different budgeting systems that base expenditures primarily on programs of work and secondarily on objects. It involves organization of the business operations into programs with specific goals and missions. After identifying the goals, sub goals and objectives and their input and output are outlined, as budgets are prepared along these programs. They facilitate choice of alternative strategies, evaluation of goals and finally it takes budgeting beyond efficiency compared to performance budgeting approach. However, there is no single methodology to single out alternatives available. In addition, it places heavy demands on officials to achieve their stated goals. Zero-based budgeting operates by justifying budget requests probably of each department or functional unit of operation every budgeting cycle, regardless of prior